Action of Barbituates

Homework Assignment Chapter 4 Addiction Studies (BHHS) Sherman Howard 1. Describe, the action of Barbiturates. They reduce sensory sensitivity to pleasure or pain. Replace’s the need for sex, food and emotional involvement. 2. Describe the action of benzodiazepines and their withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines are minor tranquilizers; they cause dopamine levels to surge producing a pleasurable sensation. Withdrawal involves seizures, convulsions, and even death. 3. What is the biggest danger with drug synergism when using two depressant drugs? Overdose! 4.What is a paradoxical reaction to tranquilizers? Becoming more active instead of calmer. 5. Why is withdrawal so life threatening for alcohol and the barbiturates? Both can lead to Seizures and death. 6. Who is the hidden addict? An unborn Fetus can be, if the mother is an addict. ______________________________________________________________________________ Part Two: 1. What is the approximate percentage of alcohol in beer? Wine? Whiskey? Beer5% – Wine15% – Whiskey45% 2. What does BAC stand for? Blood Alcohol Concentration. 3. Describe the processing of alcohol from digestion to absorption. 0% is absorbed by the stomach the remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestines. 4. What is alcohol effect on digestion and liver? Alcohol can stop digestion and increase hydrochloric acid production. Alcohol also causes a drop in blood sugar which can lead to a hypoglycemic state. 5. Name some factors that often predict alcoholism? Poor learning ability, poor judgment, short-term memory is affected. 6. After frequent high dose use†¦ which is more dangerous: immediate alcohol withdrawal or immediate heroin withdrawal? Alcohol is more immediate. Sherman Howard

Good vs Evil †English Essay Essay

There is neither a definite good nor evil, but only the grey area in-between. The Japanese proverb of Yin and Yang states that in all good there is some evil and in all evil there is dome good thus without good there can be no evil and without evil there can be no good. Evil was once described to me as ‘The inability to feel sympathy’ and at first I agreed with this analogy but upon further thought and deliberation I decided that it was not entirely true, for if evil is the inability to feel sympathy then that makes all acts of sympathy good. However, that analogy would make an act, one that almost the entire world agrees is purely evil, an act of good. The act in question is the destruction of the twin towers of 9/11, because the perpetrators were sympathetic. They were sympathetic towards their country and their people who, contrary to popular knowledge, had already been invaded and were being oppressed by the USA who were trying to secure their oil reserves. There is no way to moderate universally what is considered good and evil. Every man believes in some way that their own actions are just and righteous whilst also believing that their enemy’s actions are acts of evil purely because they oppose his own wishes thus making all man good in his own eyes yet evil in the eyes of those he opposes. Each and every one of us must decide for ourselves what is good and what is evil, and yet we must still conform to the â€Å"norms† of society. The definition of what is right and what is wrong may come from many different places. Some blindly accept what society tells then to where others question society and still others actively oppose society’s views. Some get their definition from the relative religious scripture and follow that without question whereas others merely see it as a general guideline whereupon to base their actions. I believe that the concepts of good and bad, righteousness and evil, just and unjust exist purely to justify man’s actions and that they have and will continue to change to fit the person whose action requires justifying. Alas, these unflinching opposing forces are bound to perpetually clash as they strive for a balance. For without either life as we know it could never exist, perhaps life at all could not exist.

The Box Jellyfish

The Box Jellyfish is known as one of the most venomous creatures in the world and has caused significant injuries and fatalities (Straw 2010). Due to the box jellyfish’s dangerous nature much research has been carried out in regards to its physical appearance, habitat, mating habits and its known predators. Further research has been done in the area of its venomous properties and effective first aid procedures. It is hoped that with a better understanding of the box jelly fish, humans will be able to co-exist with it and be safer in the water. Box jellyfish are commonly found on the northern shores of Australia (Edmonds 2000). The box jellyfish seem to move towards the shore in calm waters when the tide is rising and gather near the mouths of rivers, estuaries and creeks following the rain (Gershwin 2002). These are also areas that are frequented by humans in their pursuit of leisure activities and therefore place humans at risk of being stung by the box jelly fish. The jellyfish has four distinct sides and is cubed shaped. This is what has given these jellyfish their common name of â€Å"Box Jellyfish†. A fully grown box jellyfish measures up to 20 centimetres along each box side and the tentacles can grow up to three metres in length. Each side has approximately 15 tentacles and 5000 nematocysts, which are the little stinging cells located on their tentacles. The box jelly fish can weigh up to two kilograms. Box jellyfish are pale blue in colour and are translucent, which makes them invisible in the water. So much so, that for years nobody knew what was causing swimmers such excruciating pain, and sometimes killing them. The animals have eyes but no brain so no one knows how they process what they see (Birgit, 2008). Mating behaviours in box jellyfish species are quite different compared to other marine species. Box Jellyfish usually mass spawn, during which males and females never touch while they release sperm and eggs into the ocean and let nature take its course (Live 2009). Box jellyfishes are fast-swimming hunters that move horizontally through the water up to speeds of seven kilometres an hour, with their tentacles trailing behind (Ayling 2007). This characteristic together with its translucent appearance gives it an effective means of travelling undetected and capturing its prey. It also means that humans would find them almost impossible to discover in the ocean. The box jellyfish on the other hand has few known predators. The Sea turtle which is unaffected by the box jellyfish’s sting and venom, is one of the few animals that eat the box jellyfish(Pryor 2009). The box Jelly fish is generally regarded as the most dangerous animal in the world (Pryor 2009). Its venom, which can be fatal, is responsible for more deaths in Australia than snakes, sharks, and salt water crocodiles put together (Emergy 2008). There are thousands of millions of stinging capsules that cover their tentacles (Sutherland and Sutherland 2006). When a swimmer bumps into the box jellyfish the thin tentacles get torn off, stick to the victim and inject the poison into their body. (Sutherland and Kennewell 1999). There are ways to minimise and survive box jellyfish stings. Small box jellyfish appear in October and grow larger throughout summer until March and April (Ayling, 2007). Swimmers are advised to stay in netted-off areas which are patrolled by life-`savers, wear covering such as long trousers or panty-hose and listen to the radio and television for warnings of the presence of the box jellyfish (Bolton 1992). Once a person has been stung vinegar is to be poured all over the jelly-like tentacles sticking to them. This kills the tentacles so they can be removed without injecting more poison (Sutherland and Kennewell 1999). It is recommend to commence mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and seek medical help immediately, should the effected person lose consciousness. Slow sustained mouth to mouth resuscitation until help arrives is considered the most important first aid procedure (Davey 1998). The Box Jellyfish has some unique physical characteristics which include its translucent and pale colour and its long tentacles that help it glide gracefully through the water at a high speed. Due to its unique habitat in shallow subtropical waters, which are also frequented by human beings the box jellyfish, as has been noted, can cause harm to human beings. Knowledge of the box jellyfish’s appearance and habitat is a step towards understanding this creature and hopefully this knowledge will assist in preventing injuries and fatalities. While the venom has caused fatalities, basic first aid measures, once known and understood can and have, prevented deaths. It is important to remember that where harm has been caused by the box jellyfish it is often due to people accidently swimming in an area frequented by box jellyfish or stepping on a box jellyfish as it lazily sleeps on the bottom of the shallow ocean. The box jellyfish does not actively seek to cause harm to humans. If humans respect the box jellyfish’s habitat and understand firstly, how to avoid them and secondly, what first aid to administer, the general public will be a lot safer. This can lead to a peaceful co existence with mutual respect. References: Ayling, T. (2007). The Great Barrier Reef: a world heritage national park Archerfield: Steve Parish. Birgit, L. (2008). The Australian Box Jellyfish: an exceptionally lethal creature. Retrieved from: http://www. outback-australia-travel-secrets. com/box-jellyfish. html. Bolton, F. (1992). A handbook of poisonous creatures in Australia. Gosford: Bookshelf Australia. Davey, K. (1998). A photographic guide to seashore life of Australia. Australia: New Holland. Doublet, D. 2010). Box Jellyfish Cubozoa. Retrieved from: http://animals. nationalgeographic. com/animals/invertebrates/box-jellyfish/ Edmonds, C. (2000). Field guide for medical treatment: dangerous marine Creatures. Australia: New Holland Emergy, D. (2008). The most dangerous animal in Australia. Retrieved from: http://blog. hotelclub. com/the-10-most dangerous-animals-in-Australia/. Gershwin, L. (2002). Great Barrier Reef: Box Jellyfish. Retrieved from ht tp://www. barrierreefaustralia. com/the-great-barrier-reef/jellyfish. htm. Live, S. (2009). The Box Jellyfish. Retrieved from: http:www. livescience. com/animals/09119-boxjelly. Pryor, K. (2009). Venom, poison and electricity. South Yarra’ Macmillan Education. Straw, R. (2010). The Box Jellyfish: Australia’s other marine killer. http://www. jyi. org/features/ft. php? id=189. Sutherland, S and Kennewell, S. (1999). Take care: Poisonous Australian animals. South Melbourne, Hyland House. Sutherland, S and Sutherland, J. (2006). Venomous creatures of Australia: A field guide with notes on first aid. Melbourne, Oxford University.

Choosing one perspective, either interpretivist or positivist, explain Essay

Choosing one perspective, either interpretivist or positivist, explain and critically evaluate the impact of adopting this pe - Essay Example Methodology refers to the specific methods that can be used to understand the world. Both epistemology and methodology are closely related, the former refers to the philosophy of how we come to know the world and the latter involves the practice (Trochim). Positivism assumes an objective world hence it often searches for facts conceived in terms of specified correlations and associations among variables (Gephart). Positivism is a position that holds that the goal of knowledge is simply to describe the phenomena that we experience (Trochim). The purpose of science according to positivists is to observe and measure. According to positivists, science is the method to get truth, to understand the world, to predict and control the world. The universe is deterministic and they are governed by the rules of cause and effect. This could be understood by using the scientific method. In positivism, deductive method is used for postulating theories. Based on the results, theory is revised to bet ter predict reality (Trochim). The positivists emphasised on empiricism -- the idea that observation and measurement was the core of the scientific endeavour (Trochim). They believed that natural laws could be discerned through direct manipulation and observation. The positivists believe that a phenomenon could be observed and described without interfering with it. They also believe that the observations are repeatable. This is possible by manipulation of reality with variations in only a single independent variable so as to identify regularities in, and to form relationships between, some of the constituent elements of the social world (Chapter Three: Research Methodology). Predictions can also be made on the basis of previous observations and interrelationships between variables. The six tenets of positivism are the following (Positivism) Tenet Meaning Naturalism The principles of the natural sciences should be used for social science. Phenomenalism Only observable phenomena provi de valid information. Nominalism Words of scientific value have fixed and single meanings. The existence of a word does not imply the existence of what it describes. Atomism Things can be studied by reducing them to their smallest parts (and the whole is the sum of the parts). Scientific laws The goal of science is to create generalised laws (which are useful for such as prediction). Facts and values Facts are to sought. Values have no meaning for science. Â  Positivism has a long historical tradition. Often, knowledge not based on positivist thought is not accepted as correct. Most of the empirical studies are based on positivist approach. Positivism was a great success in physical and natural sciences. Positivist tradition can be traced to ancient Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle. After dark periods in European history, the renaissance came in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Well known positivists were Bacon, Descartes, Mill, Durkheim, Russell and Popper. Positivism gives emphasis on experiments. Experiments help the researcher to identify the relationship between variables. By using quantitative analytical techniques, generalisations can also be made that reflect real life situation. Surveys help researcher to collect data at one point of time. Information about various practices or views can be collected through questionnaires and interviews. To draw inferences

Read the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Read the dis - Essay Example Usually Starbucks like firms have both long term and short term strategies to sustain its business in the market. It is difficult for a firm to rely entirely either on short term or long term policies to compete effectively in the market. Judicious implementation of short term and long term policies will help the firm to achieve its objectives and targets. Short term objectives should be specific, time bounded and accountable in order to become effective. Starbucks concentrated heavily on short term strategies to achieve success. Between 1987 through 1990 Starbucks entered new markets, and continued to grow. At the end of 1987, there were 17 Starbucks locations, and by 1990 there were 84. During this four year growth phase Starbucks entered the markets of Chicago, Vancouver, and Portland. In 1988 the company started a mail order catalog for it's fine dark roasted coffee beans and high quality coffee equipment (Kembell) Starbucks never tried to undertake a comprehensive expansion stra tegy. They focused on establishing few more outlets every year rather than establishing numerous outlets at different countries at the same time. This strategy helped them to give more attention to all the newly opened outlets till such outlets became profitable. The above short term strategy of establishing only few outlets every year helped Starbucks to achieve its long term objective of establishing outlets at different parts of the world and manage all of them with success. In other words, the short term strategies of Starbucks are linked to the long term objectives of the firm. They have given priorities to their short term strategy of establishing few outlets at a time and manage them well in order to achieve their long term strategy of establishing as many units in different countries and manage all of them well. Business strategies and functional tactics of a firm have direct relationships. In fact business strategies are usually implemented using different functional tactic s. For example, coffee lovers always like variety while taking a coffee. They don’t like the same taste every time when they take a coffee. Starbucks know this consumer psychology very well and they have introduced many flavors in their coffee products. Starbucks introduced ‘walnut flavor of Colombia Narino Supremo, the creamy sweet Caf Verona and the smooth, buttery Sulawesi† (Kembell) etc as a result of their realization of the above consumer psychology. Some of the other functional tactics employed by Starbucks are the selling of coffee-related products, Expresso machines, stainless steel coffee filters etc. Through the selling of coffee-related products such as brewing equipment and accessories, many consumers can enjoy high quality coffee at home rather than traveling out of their way. The equipment available includes Expresso machines, stainless steel coffee filters, and Starbucks cleaner and canisters. This is another example of how Starbucks is meeting the needs of current customers as well as increasing its attractiveness to potential customers (Kembell) The above functional tactics helped Starbucks to spread the popularity of Starbucks coffee from its outlets to home. Moreover, these strategies helped Starbucks to polish its face more and to popularize its products more in the market. The name Starbucks is currently fixed firmly in the hearts of the coffee lovers because

Hershy's Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hershy's Strategic Planning - Essay Example This promotional strategy was the biggest marketing activity of the company which became one of its strongest core competencies. Other major competencies include its purchase of British candy maker Cadbury Schweppes PLC’s US business in 1988 and many other candy, pasta and ice-cream manufacturers in the United States. Continuous new product developments other than chocolate through acquisition of different confectionery product manufacturers in US have become its major core competency as well as a competitive advantage. Hershey has maintained the leadership position in the global chocolate industry through effective brand presence in sixty countries in the world. It has 43% market share in the chocolate market and 18% market share in the non chocolate candy market. The company is globally recognized by top brands like Hershey itself, Kisses, Kit Kat, Reese’s, Almond Joy, Twizzlers, York and Jolly Rancher. Hershey’s has retained 30% market in the global confection ery market that is near about double of its nearest competitor. Hershey’s has the opportunity to expand its areas of core competencies in other areas of its business which are: strong distribution channel through franchises, efficient management, product quality and many impressive brands. These can become its competitive advantage. The company exports its product to most of its foreign markets. So, it can manufacture in different countries to cut down the cost of distribution mainly to reduce the price which might be one of the competitive advantages to compete with the domestic brands of each foreign market. The Hershey’s brand is well popular for its quality and it needs to concentrate on low fat and calories product and also sugar free candies so as to attract a particular demographic segment of customers who do not enjoy chocolate because of health consciousness (Zhang, 2001, p.26). 2. Internal strategies The company’s internal strategies lie in different a reas of its business, like innovation in the product quality with respect to change in lifestyle and food consumption habits of the worldwide consumers. Also, an important strategy would be environmental free packaging as a way of taking on effective social responsibilities. ‘Hershey’s’ needs to concentrate on the quality differentiation of the existing products with respect to competitors’ product rather than focusing on the product differentiation. The brand has a market presence in more than sixty different markets in the world but they have to consider the similar taste and preference of the consumers. It needs to differentiate taste and preference with respect to consumer’s choice of each different location so that it can compete with the local players in foreign markets. Apart from categorizing product by geographic segmentation it also needs to concentrate on producing low fat and sugar free products to extend its target to a different segmen t of people who do not like chocolate and other confectionary product for health considerations. Most of the Hershey’s products have packaging that is not environmental friendly. The packaging is also one of the major criteria for the food products especially for the confectionary products. Although the brand have attractive packaging which is essential for promotion as well as being a quality indicator but they also need to

Variation of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Variation of Capitalism - Essay Example This essay declares  with the globalization of management structures and the integration of global economic systems, all the economic systems in the world are supposed to follow a standardized structure, but in actuality that is not the case. There are several variations in the economic structures in the world, as well as in the practices of capitalism.According to the paper findings  the effort of converging to a single and effective type of market economy, from the late 19th century has been diminished by the substantial variations among the dominant firms, practices of employment, supplier-customer relationships. As the global economy continues to become more integrated, the societies having different institutional arrangements will eventually continue to develop and create a variation in the economic systems.  The variations are on the grounds of economic and social capabilities in particular sectors and industries. As a result, a country becomes specialized in one sector b ut lacks in the other. The UK economy in the late 20th century was strong in financial services and architecture; on the other hand, they were weaker in construction and assembly line manufacturing.  The institutional subsidiary systems which govern the capital and labour market shape the capitalist models, and when they act in a calibrated manner they reinforce all the sub systems.  The comparative advantage system creates specific ways to adjust any incoming changes.