Animal Testing Is Cruel and Unnecessary Essay Example for Free

Animal examination Is Cruel and Unnecessary EssayIs the Statement Animal Testing is Cruel and Unnecessary Correct? It is common knowledge that legion(predicate) living organisms are employ in medical and scientific research. These innocent animals are often obliged to undergo countless of cruel processes and endure great hapless as a result. Despite all the disputes and discussions regarding whether or not animal testing is actually necessary, they wouldnt change the fact that it is, in fact, an extremely cruel liaison to do.Therefore, it is only to be expected for the need for product testing involving experiments on animals to be strongly debated. The debates themselves usually revolve around scientific, ethical and even semipolitical implications, often based upon biased beliefs. For example, an animal lover would clearly be against animal testing. They would, in fact, not care whether it is necessary or not. A physician desperate for a new research, on the other hand, would clearly think animal testing is necessary, and ignore the fact that thousands of animals are endangered because of it.I in person think animal testing is cruel. It is an inhumane thing to do, as animals too deserve to be treated normally, and not as objects that are just used to test whether a mascara is safe enough for a persons eyelashes or not. Furthermore, it has been proven that about 9% animals such as rats, rabbits and mice end up dying later going through these experiments. Do you honestly think the decreasing number of these animals is worth a new type of blush-on or eyeliner?Regarding the statement Animal Testing is Cruel and Unnecessary, I would have to agree with the first point Animal testing is, indeed cruel. Nevertheless, as I am not exactly experience in the medical field, I managed to do some research, and eventually found a rather interesting quote said by two doctors, give off and Jean Greek, who briefly mentioned the necessity of animal testing in their book Sacred Cows and Golden Geese. They said Animal experimentation is not necessary. It is expensive. It is inaccurate. It is misleading. It consumes peculiar(a) resources. And further, it is detrimental to the very species it professes to be working to help humankind.Coming from doctors, I found their explicit quote to be rather surprising. Moreover, even though animal testing is not always accurate, there isnt a definite answer as to whether the term Animal Testing is Cruel and Unnecessary is true or not. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, to each their own, thus I couldnt help but fathom their statement. With all these advanced technology, knowledge and finances, have we indirectly dehumanized ourselves?

Fundamentals of Phonetics Essay Example for Free

Fundamentals of Phonetics Essay fountainhead 34ptsEvery vowel in English has a unique articulative position based on (choose as umpteen another(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) as apply) Every vowel in English has a unique articulatory position based on (choose as umpteen as apply) tongue tenseness x tongue height x tongue advancement x lip rounding Question 44ptsOne can position if a vowel is tense or lax by One can determine if a vowel is tense or lax by tongue tension x stress x duration x muscular crusade Question 51ptsThe lax vowels are lower in height than their tense counterparts. The lax vowels are lower in height than their tense counterparts. xx True False Question 61ptsRhotic diphthongs can also be called nbsp(choose as many as apply) Rhotic diphthongs can also be called (choose as many as apply) x r-colored vowels onglides and offglides x rhotacized vowels lateralized vowels Question 74ptsWhich of the following magnetic inclination of discu ssions contains no front vowels? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which of the following list of words contains no front vowels?(Choose as many as apply) seat, sit, sat x soup, soap, supper set, sought, suit sought, sot, suit Question 84ptsWhich of the following sets of vowels have no back vowels? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which of the following sets of vowels have no back vowels? (Choose as many as apply) X steed, stayed, stud stood, stowed, stewed skin, scan, scone stirred, stove, point Question 94ptsThe difference between e and e is nbsp(Choose as many as apply) The difference between e and e? is (Choose as many as apply) x e occurs in unstressed syllables x e? occurs at ends of words e? is slightly shorter in duration e occurs at the ends of words Question 104ptsMatch the symbol to its name. Match the symbol to its name. ash ? epsilon ? schwa upsilon ? Question 111ptsThe open o (or backwards c) or is nbsp(Choose as many as apply) The open o (or backwards c) or ? is (Choose as many as apply) lax x slightly lower than o x is always used in the transcription of or as ? r is used in the word coat Question 121ptsWe commonly use the wedge instead of the schwa when nbsp(Choose as many as apply) We commonly use the wedge instead of the schwa when (Choose as many as apply) x the syllable is stressed at the end of a word x the tongue is slightly lower and more backed the syllable is unstressedQuestion 134ptsIn which of the following words would we find lip rounding? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) In which of the following words would we find lip rounding? (Choose as many as apply) x put x toad x door xx herd Question 141ptsWhich diphthongs occur only in diphthong form? Which diphthongs occur only in diphthong form? a? , e? , o? e? , o? , ? x a? , , ? , a? , u? Question 151ptsWhich diphthong begins in the low mid back position and ends in the high front position? Which diphthong begins in the low mid back position and ends in the high front p osition? a? o? o? x Question 164ptsWhich vowels are affected by syllable stress? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are affected by syllable stress? (Choose as many as apply) x e ? x o x ? Question 174ptsWhich vowels are lax? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are lax? (Choose as many as apply) x ? x ? X ? e Question 184ptsWhich vowels are back? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are back? (Choose as many as apply) X u ? X o X ? Question 194ptsWhich vowels are mid? nbsp(Choose as many as apply) Which vowels are mid? (Choose as many as apply) a ? X ? ? Question 204ptsMatch the following words to the correct transcription Match the following words to the correct transcription choose ?uz chose ?oz chows ?a? z cheese ?iz Question 217ptsMatch the following words to the correct transcription. Match the following words to the correct transcription. course k? rs cures kj? rz cars karz curse k? rs cores k? rz cuss k? s case ke? s Question 227pts Match the following words to their correct transcriptions. Match the following words to their correct transcriptions. thee ?i curtilage ?a? though ?o the they ?e? thigh ?a? thaw Quiz saved at 1250pm

Organisational development and organisatins effectiveness and viabi

arrangingal information and organisatins force and viabiThe most bizarre thing about Organisational tuition is that in that location is non a single commentary capable of explaining it properly in simple terms Organisational study can be regarded as aforethought(ip) variety show concept, organisation wide effort to growing an organisations effectiveness and viability. Organization outgrowth is interdisciplinary in nature and draws on sociology, personality, psychology, and theories of motivation. It is considered both applied behavioural science focused on understanding and managing organisational change as well as a field of scientific study and enquiry (en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development). Kurt Lewin (1898-1947) is credited with the origin and development as it is his work on Group dynamics and Action-Research which corroborates the basic OD exclusivelyt. passing play through the history it would be worth maxim that 1960s were the Influential period of T - congregation which saw the inculcation of Lewins Force Field analysis and organisational theory (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967 Argyris, 1962 Harisson, 1963, 66). think change approach coined by Kurt Lewin is corroborated by the humanistic and democratic values and had its focus upon resolving group issues and improvement through the involvement of managers, employees and a change consultant (Bernard Burnes, 2004). Till 1980s aforethought(ip) Change was the dominant approach to manage organisational change, however by 1980s it confront harsh criticism regarding the ability to stand for the organisations operating in dynamic and unpredictable environss.This essay will discuss the origin and objectives of Organisational development. Going further insights will be develop regarding the evolution of organisational development and its present scenario. Critical evaluation and comparison will be done in redact to determine the disagreeence between the present one and the original deve loped and to understand whether Organisational development still hold its purpose and coherence.ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENTIt will be worth saying that it is an uphill task to put Organisational development under a single definition. In an organisation team building with top incorporated attention, Job enrichment in manu featureuring argon all examples of Organisational development (Cummings and Worley). Some definitions of Organisational development are described as under Organisational development is a Planned puzzle out of change in an organisations culture through the utilization of behavioural science technology, research and theory. (Warner Burke)Organisational development is An effort (1) planned, (2) organisation-wide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organisational effectiveness and health through (5) planned interventions in the organisations processes using behavioural science knowledge. (Richard Beckhard)Organisation development refers to a Long-range effo rt to improve an organisations problem-solving capabilities and its ability to care with changes in its external environment with the help of external or internal behavioural-scientist consultants, or change agents, as they are sometimes called. (Wendell cut)Organisational development is Long term, planned changes in the culture, technology and management of a total organisation or at least significant part of the total organisation. (Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984)From the above explained definitions it is quite obvious that all of them differ on several important dimensions such as some focus on culture, some on the importance of top management support bit other on the importance of technology, there is no doubt that do exhibit some common features Organisational development is implicated with managing planned change targeting organisation-wide issues, problems and challenges.Organisational development is basically a data-driven process, collected through process of acti on research by ways such as observations, assessments and values.Intent of organisational development to improve organisational effectiveness and it serves the purpose of both the creation as well as the subsequent reinforcement of change.Organisational development is concerned with the change in strategy, structure and/or process of an entire administration.Organisational development is based upon the application and transfer of behavioural knowledge and practice such as leadership, group dynamics, and organization design.(Cummings and Worley, 2005)An attempt have been do by Cummings and Worley to incorporate most of the views expressed in various definitions through the very definition explained below Organisation development is a system wide application and transfer of behavioural science knowledge to the planned development, improvement, and reinforcement of the strategies, structures and processes that lead to organisation effectiveness.Organisational development had its ori gin in the 1960s when the direct of Organisational health preponderant. Organisational development tends to works by acknowledging the dysfunctions and correcting them in order to retain equilibrium. Initial approaches to Organisational development was developed on the theories of Kurt Lewin who described it as a planned change and is based on Field theory, Group dynamics, Action Research and Three step model. Apart from significant work carried out by Kurt Lewin there are other prominent researchers in this field such as Bullock and Batten(1985) who proposed a four frame model of planned change geographic expedition phase, Planning phase, Action phase and Integration phase. It will be worth mentioning that in spite of the extensive work carried the focus was on change at Individual and Group level ignoring the organisations in their entirety.The main objectives of Organisation development are to address and smoothen the process of change that will in acidulate help the organis ation to achieve greater effectiveness.Evolution of Organisational studyOrganisational development have emerged from five basic backgrounds or stems as described below (Cummings and Worley) ripening of National Training Laboratories (NTL) and development of training groups known as T-groups.This very stem of Organisational development pioneered the T-Group a small, unstructured group in which the participants are expect to gain from their own interactions and developing dynamics such as interpersonal transaction, leadership, and group dynamics. With the passage of time T- Groups have declined on their importance as OD intervention and is often associated with the reputation of Organisational development as touchy-feely process. The practical aspects of T-Group organisations are better known as team building and worth saying that it is one of the institutionalized forms of Organisational development today.Inculcation of action research as a way of applying research to managing ch ange. An important feature of action research was survey feedback.It was well-understood that in order to manage change research needs to be in close ties with action. Action research was seen as two-pronged process and it focuses on the fact that change requires action that can be achieved by carefully analysing the situation properly, olfactory propertying out for all the possible alternatives and going for the most apt. to situation at hand (Bennet, 1983). Action research stresses that change can only be effective if it is taken at the group level by involving concerned ones and it must be a participative and collaborative process. (French and Bell, 1984 Lewin, 1947b). One of the key components of action research studies was the systematic collection of survey data that was fed back.The third one is associated with a normative view i.e. One best way to manage organisations.The third stem that popped out was the normative view which closely held the view that Human relations app roach represents a One best way to manage organisations. Furthermore, this normative belief was illustrated by through Likerts Participative Management style i.e. Participative Group systems and Blake and Moutons Grid OD program with organisational effectiveness. (R. Likert, 1967 R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964)The fourth stem can very well be described as the approach focusing on quality of work sprightliness and productivity.This very stem or we can say the background to OD can be described under two phases that initially took off by the projects developed and their emergence in 1950s, 60s and lasted until mid 1970s. This phase of QWL programs were concerned with providing employees high levels of discretion, task variety and feedback about results. One of the main characteristic of QWL was Self-managing groups as a form of work design. It lost its importance during 1970s due to other important and emerging issues such as inflation and energy costs. Second phase of QWL extended its s cope and inculcated other features such as work flows, reward systems, management styles that effect employee productivity and satisfaction and is known by the term Employee Involvement. (Cummings and Worley, 05)The fifth part and last stem of organisational development involves strategic change and organisation transformation.The latest of Strategic change background have an overarching influence on Organisational educations evolution. In authoritative scenario the environments known as technological, socio-political environments are more complex and uncertain than ever before which in turns calls for planned change process and strategic perspective from Organisational development (D. Naddler, 1988). Strategic change intervention helps to improve both the organisational effectiveness and its relationship to its environment. Moreover, Strategic changes to organisational development have made its presence felt in mergers and acquisitions, coalescence formation. (M. Marks and P.Mir vis, 1998).All the above explained five stems have great influence on the current practice of organisational development as well as by the trends that are responsible of shaping change in the organisations. The commonality between all the backgrounds is that all wholeheartedly support the transfer of knowledge and skill to the customer system and making them capable of managing better change. This field of organisational development is on a growth spree as it can be witnessed through the sassy researchers, theorists, practitioners who are building their work on the work of early pioneers and making it perfect for the contemporary situations.FindingsOrganisational change as a planned discipline is concerned with the application of behavioural knowledge and practice in order to help organisation to achieve greater effectiveness but growing with the evolution phase, up-to-date phase of organisational development goes far beyond its humanistic origins and it will be worth saying that as now a days practitioners of Organisational development took a more prescriptive approach as compared to early pioneers of Organisation development who took analytical approach. Lawrence and Lorsch (1969) draw organisational development in terms of activities at three interfaces Organisation to environment, Group to group, and Individual to organisation. Till 1980s planned change approach as coined by Kurt Lewin with its set of tools, techniques and practitioners was the dominant approach in managing organisational change unless it faced criticism from certain quarters regarding its inability to cope up with emerging and coercive situations such as dynamic and unpredictable environments. Even in todays scenario there is a continuing argument over the proper definition, its state of art and the skills required for practising it. Despite certain limitations cited who have opposed it by saying that Planned change is more flexible and holistic approach than it is being considered an d is en route on a transition phase from being a mixture of certain devices to becoming a mature, usable set of principles and procedures for organisational change (Cummings and Worley, 2001 French and Bell, 1995 Robert L.Kahn, 2002). The problems cited with Planned change to change are that it was developed for the organisations operating in Top-down, arbitrary environment (Wooten and White, 19998). It also have been criticized on the other note that it is more emphasized on Incremental and isolated change rather than its ability to cope up with more radical and transformational change (Dawson,1994 Schein,1985). Planned change is more suitable for the group and individual context but lacks strength for system-wide change. One of the problems of organisational development is the inclusion of conversational and commercial terms as independent variables such as T-Group training as a number of activities lies with the preference of trainer itself (Back, 1972). former(a) problem that can be cited is that Organisational development relies too much on the expertise and experience of trainees and change agent. Though often the process of planned change in terms of three successive phases Unfreezing, Moving and Freezing is often quoted without proper understanding of it as well as the Lewinian quasi-stationary equilibrium is often seen but without undergoing any proper system conceptualization calls for more serious attention so that a more holistic approach can be developed in managing Organisational change.In a nutshell, it can be said that it is not fruitful to look solely at group and individual level, the need is to look for the organisations in their entirety as seen from the concepts developed by Kurt Lewin. Organisational development practitioners have understood the importance of understanding organisational culture and organisational learning. The concepts coined by Kurt Lewin and others pioneers in this field are still relevant and needs a more in-depth understanding. The need of the hour is the conjugation of the emergent approaches such as punctuated-equilibrium, continuous transformation models with the existing approaches so that more benefits can be realized in terms of organization effectiveness by achieving planned organisational change. In the end it is worth mentioning that organisational development is not that Strategic and this is the prime reason why Organisational development have lost its purpose and coherence. Though there has not been a single approach for Organisational Development but the combination of all the approaches make it a very coherent approach and it needs to be developed with the ever changing scenario so that naught affects its suitability.References en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development.Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967 Argyris, 1962 Harisson, 1963, 66Bernard Burnes, 2004 Managing ChangeW.Burke, Organisation Development Principles and Practice (Boston Little,Brown, 1982) Cummings and Worley (Orga nisation development and change, 2005)W. French, Organization development objectives, Assumptions, and Strategies, California Management Review 12,2 (1969)23-24 Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005)R. Beckhard, Organisational Development Strategies and models (Reading,Mass Addison-Wesley, 1969) Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005)(Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984) Introduction and overview of Organisational Development as a data driven approach for Organisational change ( Janine Waclawski, Allan H.Church)Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005)Bullock and Batten, 1985 Bernard Burnes, 2004 (Managing Change)French and Bell, 1984 Lewin, 1947b Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005)R. Likert, 1967 R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964 Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005)D. Naddler, 1988 M. Marks and P.Mirvis, 1998 Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and ch ange, 2005)Cummings and Worley, 2001 French and Bell, 1995 Robert L.Kahn, 2002Wooten and White, 19998 Organisational development Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002)Dawson,1994 Schein,1985 Organisational development Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002)Back, 1972 Organisational development Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002)

The Role Of Ethics In Education

The Role Of Ethics In EducationThe lifestyle of a human being is keep outly bound with ethical values hostile other organisms living on this planet. This highlights the importance of embracing ethics on our day today activities. According to the New Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ethics is delimitate as the moral principles that control or influence a persons behaviour. In other words as mentioned in an article appeared originally in Issues in ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall 1987), ethics is two things. First ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of ones ethical standards. As a person moulding the younger generation, a instructor has to act as a role model to protect the honour, culture and the discipline of the school while achieving educational goals with success due to sheer ded icated service to the dogma profession. then it is quite obvious that ethics play a major role in the teaching career.There are several ethical rules to be followed for a good moral conduct. To elaborate more on this topic, I fork out chosen two standards taken from the teaching of ethics of Graduate School at Penn State. At first, I wish to discuss about fairness or impartiality which is one of the most challenging codes of ethics a teacher peck possess. It is extremely big to act neutral while judging the performance of a student because being biased towards some students may hurt and dishonor the self-esteem of other students. Fairness Recognizing the inherent subjectivity involved in grading, instructors ought to ensure that their grading practices are as objective as possible by creating and adhering to unambiguous criteria.(From the teaching ethics of Graduate School at Penn State). An outstanding teacher understands that all students require equal love and attention. A teacher essay to be fair among the students will non even bother to look at the name on the top of the paper when awarding a figure for a student.Next, let me discuss about showing approve to the others. Respect can be defined as the consideration of self and of others. Teachers and the whole segment of academic and non-academic staff work as a team no matter where they come from. Hence being respectful to each other makes a well-oiled team which in turn strengthens the unity of the school. Further, respecting the views and ideas of the learners may help them build their confidence in learning and sharing knowledge. Respect for Persons Teachers ought to encourage mutual respect among students. Additionally, instructors ought to show respect and common courtesy for students both during interpersonal interactions and in responding promptly to students need for guidance and feedback. (From the teaching ethics of Graduate School at Penn State).Thus it is clear that following ethic al rules is a key factor in achieving excellence not only for ones own self but withal in the teaching profession as well..B) As a potential teacher, I see myself as a valuable person capable of delivering a mammoth service to the humankind. My roles include not only teaching but several other aspects as well. Meeting the needs of the learners through effective teaching strategy is my topmost priority. But on several occasion my roles discord from time to time according to the given situation. nightimes I will have to be a planner with a suitable teaching plan to make the learners understand the lessons better. Sometimes as an assessor ,monitoring and evaluating the students providing appropriate feedback. Next a facilitator supporting and guiding the students to learn on their own, an information provider, conveying knowledge, a resource developer, managing the available resources and a role model capable of influencing a learners attitudes and behaviours. To canvass my roles w ith two other professionals in my organization, I would like to choose a sports stroller and a professional school counsellor in this regard.A sports coach is a professional who works in the school. He/she is responsible for gentility athletes while understanding the different skills of each individual separately. These include diet plans, training sessions, physical examinations etc. My role as a teacher shows some similarities with the roles of a sports coach such as being a mentor, adviser, supporter and motivator, divergence being that it is done in a more academical context. Examination of the calorie intake and physical fitness do not necessarily include in my roles as a teacher.A professional school counsellor is someone who counsels the students with a genuine heart to solve the problems of them, be it academic or personal. A teacher also plays a role as a counsellor looking into the affairs of the students when they confide in them, dissimilarity being that the teacher expertness not have a professional training on counseling whereas a professional counsellor must have had. Hence a teacher relies on logical analysis and personal experience in solving problems during counselling. In some instance they may require help from others too. Its important to job that although different professionals work together in a school, everyone should understand their professional roles and invest their maximum effort in succeeding them.C) Teams comprising individuals work together towards a common goal while holding themselves accountable for the team output is known as teamwork. The most valued advantage of teamwork is its efficiency. In team, the work oft gets done faster thus saving a lot of time. This is because large tasks are organized into smaller assignments and divided among the team members equally while categorization out the individuals best suited for the job. While working in a team, each individuals unique skills and ideas gets combined effectiv ely and put to usage to produce the craved outcome. These combined skills lead to an increase in creativity. Hence this helps in strengthening the team unity and the team spirit. The team members will also develop a sense of responsibility since they depend on each other for success. Sharing ideas with one another and relying on others feedback gives a better team output close to perfection.While responsible team members invest sufficient time and effort, the low productivity of some members due to lack of commitment and dedication is a reversal to the whole team. In some instances, this may cause resentment and a rift between the teammates. Hence a better output is not expected. Some members delay their portion of work. This will not help in finishing the task on time. Contrasting personal styles and difficulty in accepting ideas which differ from their own can result in clashes between the team members thus reducing the efficiency of teamwork. To understand team work better, Bruc e Tuckman first came up with a theory called forming, storming, norming and performing in 1965. Later, he added a fifth stage called adjourning.Working individually is completing the given tasks on your own without the help of the others. When working individually, we get to think independently and incorporate our ideas into the task. Hence it develops our hidden potentials. Since there are no intruders, conflicts may not arise. Hence the speed and clarity could be an added advantage. Even the laziest person is put to work here thus giving an opportunity to shoulder responsibilities. The disadvantages of working individually include possible chances of having errors since the task is not checked by the others, no room for variations and a combination of creative thoughts, occurence of some doubts regarding the accuracy of the task and the possible chance of socialization getting hampered.Its important to understand that some activities in the school like the sports meet, prize givin g and shramadana campaigns are best done in teams while maintenance of registers, library defend keeping system and lab experiments are best done individually.D) Interpersonal familys are social associations or connections between two or more people. In an organization such as the school, basically there are three types of interpersonal bloods. They are student-teacher, teacher-parent and teacher-teacher relationships. It is vital to maintain a healthy interpersonal relationship with the others. The student-teacher relationship is a very special one. The teacher should be able to understand the learners and help them out. This is only possible if there was a healthy relationship among the students and the teacher. The teacher-teacher relationship is also equally important because the teacher might decide on lesson plans and strategies according to the feedback and the advice given by their colleagues. Further, planning on several occasions which are to be held at school could be done if the teacher-teacher relationship is healthy. To advice and talk about the short commings of a student, a healthy teacher-parent relationship is required. These types of positive(p) interpersonal relationships can further develop the roles of a teacher while magnifying its effects several times.Sometimes the above mentioned interpersonal relationships end up in conflicts if there was no understanding between the two parties. Due to the uneasiness prevailing among the two parties, the activities meant to be carried out together may not be completed to perfection thus affecting the school as well. The teachers might also not be able to concentrate on their work and may feel restless. This will have a great impact on their professional role. Hence a teacher should be wise and tactful in handling different types of interpersonal relationships so that it may only bring out a positive improvement in their professional role.

Tax Reform In The United States Economics Essay

appraise Reform In The linked States Economics EssayThis research penning discusses the theme of r tied(p)ueation ameliorate in the United states. Nowadays this issue is an actual one. Many Americans are interested greatly in this issue and even express their psycheal opinions on this topic. The research topic discusses different problems with the current task organization and represents some ideas concerning some changes in the US task reform.Key words value, tax system, tax reform.1. IntroductionIt is unfeasible to carry out juvenile transformations for the purpose of steady pausement of the economy without formation an effective tax system. appraise reform is a process which changes tax policies of the government. It is known that there are different oddments of this process such as reduction of the tax level of every(prenominal) the people, changing tax system for much(prenominal) state-of-the-art effect, simplification of tax system. A good tax reform can imp rove the life of some(prenominal) people.1.1. Significance of the studyThis research paper discusses one of the most important issues in the development of the economical system tax reform. This issue is an actual one not only for the United States that for any country of the world because financial sector plays a key role in the present day development of the economy. Tax reform is a main tool of the governmental control. In the context of tightening transmission line competition there is a necessity to take appropriate measures in get over the consequences of the financial and economic crises 2008-2009. So, tax reforms have such functions which testament help to stimulate economical growth and innovative activity, and to increase societal protection.1.2. explanation of termsIn fix up to conduct a good research on tax reforms it is necessary to represent some economical terms which will be used in the process of research. They are the following onesTaxes are coverments wh ich are made by the natural and legal persons (enterprises, organizations and citizens) for the government revenues in requisite manner. It is a duty of e precisebody to carry taxes. Taxes are necessary because by means of taxes the government has an opportunity to control some economical processes in the country.They help to develop and reduce some kinds of business, to guide the development of these or those brunches of industry, to influence the economic activity of some enterprises and organizations, to balance consumers supply and demand, to regulate the amount of money in circulation.Tax system is the total of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments which are taken according to the legislative acts. The main characteristic features of any tax system imply the following onesthe total of taxes fixed by the governmentthe complex of principles, forms and methods of their putting into operationthe system of tax authorities, forms and methods of tax controlrights and duties of the participants of tax relationsorder and conditions of the tax process. (Roach, 2006)2. Discussion themesThis research paper touches upon the themes which are closely connected with the topic of the paper. It discusses issues and problems with current system in the United States. Moreover it gives some new ideas for tax reform.2.1.Some Facts from the history of Tax Reforms in the USAAccording to the historical data, there were a lot of various movements in the USA which had the main goal to reform the collection and the management of taxes in the country. Thus, the Whiskey Rebellion which took place in 1799, is considered to be the first effort to carry out tax reform in the USA.From the historical sources we learn that George Washington who was the US President at that time sent close to 13000 troops to the western part of the state pop in order to put down the rebellions. Another significant movement against tax reforms took place at the end of the 19th century.Henry George, w ho was an outstanding American economist of that time, was at the head of that movement. The main goal of that movement was to abolish all forms of taxation other than the Single tax on land values. He offered this single tax in his book Progress and Poverty in 1879.This plan was not put into practice although it got support. This movement on tax insurance policy was spread not only in the United States but also on Australia and New Zealand. However, the organization which is called The Henry George Foundation of America continue to crowd this form of taxation reform. (Barker, 1985)It is known that several organizations in the United states are engaged in tax reform in the country among which are Americans for Tax Reform, Americans for Fair Taxation, Americans for Responsible Taxes. These and other organizations have already promoted some ideas concerning tax simplification in the United States which include Flat tax plans, Fair tax and bipartisan tax reform proposals. (Tuerck et al., 2007)2.2 The Structure of Taxation in the United States and its meaningIt is known that the system of taxation in the United states is a progressive one. It means that the percentage of income which is paying by the household will increase with the increasing income. In other words those people who earn more will pay a higher rate of taxes. Here is an exampleA person earns $100,000 a year, he will pay 25% of it $25,000.A person earns $30,000 a year, he will pay only 10%tax rate $3,000.However, there may be also regressive and proportional tax systems.Some Reasons for using the Progressive tax system in the USAProgressive tax system stands for the concept that those people who earn more should pay more tax rate because they have more opportunities to pay and they will not forego the most necessary things such as health worry or education.Reduction of inequalities in the society. (Roach, 2006)2.3. Different types of taxes in the USAThere are several different types of taxes in the United States. All these taxes are calm by the Internal Revenue services. They are the following onesIncome taxesCorporate taxes. These taxes are based on the companys income per a financial year.Investment taxes. These taxes are usually paid when a person receives some dividends and capital gains. (Smith, 2010)There are also some other types of taxes which are paid by the individuals income tax, sales tax, property tax, social security tax, medicare tax and others. (McIntosh 2010)Taxes on business include federal which include four groups income, self employment, payroll and excise, state which include common state business taxes (sales tax, employment tax and business income tax) and local which are collected by cities and counties in order to supplement services for this or that area. (La Rose, 2010)2.4. Problems with the Current Tax remains in the United StatesThe US Tax System is considered to be a complex one. It has its peculiarities which differ it from the tax system s of other countries of the world. However, the US Tax system has both advantages and disadvantages. The last ones require certain changes. Here is the list of problems with the current Tax System in the United StatesA fabulously complex tax system with numerous layers of taxation on the same money taxes on income and salaries, ans savings. According to the statistical data, four of five oculus-class Americans pay more in payroll taxes than in income taxes. (Walby, 2008)High rate of unemployment (about 10,3 million persons).Little of the mortgage interest deduction refer to those people who are at low and middle level of income.(Walby, 2008)About 18% of taxpayers have got out of the system. The income taxes fail to take the cash payments and other unjustified transactions concerning illegal immigrants.The income taxes assist imports over the US production by excluding imports from Us tax and it penalizes the US exports giving an opportunity to some foreign countries to impose taxes when our goods are delivered to their shops. This fact damages the US exports and even costs the Americans their jobs. (17% price advantage over the US goods.)(Tuerck et al., 2007)The income tax system puts the highest corporate tax rate enforcing companies to be located in other countries. enceinte problems with education, many students do not know about the financial aid which can be given to them. College education became too expensive. College graduates have debts of more than $19.000 when they devote college.A great deal of manufacturing jobs were lost due to breaking out the US manufacturing trade deficit. (Arduin, LafferMoore Econometrics, 2006)2.5. InterviewInterviewer Hello What is your attitude to the present day tax system? Are you satisfied with it?Mr. Brown, an engineer/49 years old Good day I think I pay too such(prenominal) in taxes.Mr. Wilson, a doctor/29 The Tax Code is too confusingMs. Whinthrop, a manager/41 I pay through the honker on income and payroll taxes and they say we still dont have balanced budgetsMs. Hartcoph, a student/20 I think rich people do not pay their fair share.Mr. Carack, a worker/27 Oh, little guys like me cannot take advantage of the tax code like those people who earn a great deal and corporations do.Ms. Curts, a pensioner/71 You know, fifteen percent of Americans do not pay any income tax any moreMr. Bronks, a builder/38 Our current tax system taxes the poor but not the rich. The programs are all for the benefit of the rich and on the backs of the poor.Analyzing the above mentioned interview, we can say that many people are not satisfied with the current tax system. They consider it should be changed. Most Americans choose fair Tax plan. (Kotlikoff, et al., 2006)Some words about the main idea of this plan. The Fair Tax is a proposal to replace the following taxes as the federal corporate income tax, the federal payroll tax, the federal state tax, the federal gift tax, the federal generation-skipping tax with a federal retail sales tax, assessed at a single rate. The Fair Tax guarantees a deduction to each household which will be based on its demographic composition. The main idea is that the rebate ensures that households who live at or below the mendicancy line in the United States will pay no taxes on net income. (Kotlikoff et al., 2006)2.6. Some New Ideas for Tax Reform in the United StatesOf course, it is very difficult to judge but I think that there should be some changes in the tax system of the Unites States. Here are some ideas for tax reformThose countries which supply the United States with their products (for example, China) should pay more for import of their products.It is necessary to replace the existing federal Tax Code of the United States into a more simplified version.It will be good to impose no taxes on export and corporate profit in order to save jobs and to make the US companies more competitive.There should be no taxes on education tuition fees.Non-filers should pay taxes when they buy goods or use services.Those who get low incomes should not pay any taxes.3. ConclusionIn conclusion, it is necessary to say that taxes play an important role both in the economy of the country and in the life of citizens. Tax money is used by the government to run the most significant activities. This money may also be invested in some projects which will be beneficial for all the citizens of the country. It is very important to have such a tax system in the country which will be appropriate for citizens of all the levels of income and will allow all of them to live a full life. That is why we need tax reforms.

Recommendation Letter for Former Employee :: Business Recommendation Letters

November 20, 2004Mr. Richard PillsburyManager, Marketing ServicesAll Industries Inc.111 Strawberry Bend, Suite 1551Smallville, OH 05252Dear Mr. PillsburyThis is in response to your youthful request for a letter of recommendation for Mary Lamb who worked for me up until three years ago.Mary Lamb worked under my direct supervision at Technical Technologies for a period of five and a half years ending in August 2003. During that period, I had the pleasure of seeing her blossom from a junior marketing trainee, into a fully functioning Marketing, Program Co-Ordinator, in her final year and a half with the company. That was the last position she held before pitiable on to a better career opportunity.Mary is a hard-working self-motivator who understands exactly what a project is all about from the outset, and how to get it done quickly and effectively. During her year and a half in the Marketing Co-Ordinator position, there was never an instance in which she missed a major deadline. She often brought projects in below budget, and a few were even completed ahead of the deadline.Ms. Lamb is a resourceful, creative, and solution-oriented person who was frequently able to come up with late and innovative approaches to her assigned projects. She functioned hale as a team leader and she worked effectively as a team member under the direction of other team leaders.On the social side, Mary has superior writing and verbal communication skills. She gets along extremely well with the staff under her supervision, as well as colleagues at her have got level. She is highly respected, both a person and a professional, by colleagues, employees, suppliers, and customers.A year ago, when Ms. Lamb announced her resignation to take up a new position with a larger company, we were not happy to see her leave, although we wished her the best in her new undertaking.

what is philosophy :: essays research papers

Very briefly, philosophical system might be regarded as a conceptual enquiry dealing with aboriginal issues relating to life, knowledge and values. By conceptual enquiry we mean an enquiry that relies primarily on critical reasoning. This includes Analysing the meaning of concepts Identifying logical connections between theories Evaluating arguments and exposing f aloneacies Here is a Chinese newspaper article from MingPao on how philosophy improves critical thinking. Philosophy and other subjectsAccording to such a conception of philosophy, philosophy is distinctive in twain its method and subject matter. Art or literature might also deal with fundamental issues in life, but the use of critical reasoning is not a necessary part of artistic expression. Critical reasoning of course plays an fundamental role in science, but science is an empirical enquiry into the temper of the world, relying on observations and experiments. In such respects philosophy is more like mathematics a nd logic. However, the subject matter of philosophy is more general in that it deals with all sorts of different areas outside mathematics and logic, such as religion and morality. Although philosophy is different from science, it would be a mistake to conclude that philosophy cannot contribute to the maturation of science. Philosophers can help scientists clarify the basic concepts in scientific theories, and use their skills in logic to evaluate the strength of evidence supporting or criticizing specific theories. Many sciences (e.g. psychology) originally developed out of philosophy. What philosophy can doWhy should you study philosophy? If you are busy and dont have the patience or interest to reflect on fundamental issues, then perhaps philosophy is not for you. But for people who are interested in critical reflection, philosophy can be an enjoyable activity.There are other reasons for doing philosophy apart from pleasure. First, philosophical skills in thinking and writing a nd help us in describing and understanding theories and ideologies. Here philosophers take up the task of a cartographer, mapping out conceptual terrain and logical structure. Second, as mentioned earlier, philosophy can be an important tool in helping us acquire knowledge. Logic and critical reasoning are necessary to achieve consistency and in determining the correct conclusions to be drawn given our observations and experiences. Finally, philosophy can also play a transformative role in our lives and social institutions. Through critical reflection on the justification and coherence of the values in social practices and our own actions, we do not just acquire a deeper understanding of our culture and of who we are.